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ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช - ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ

ื›ืชื‘ื”: ืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืงืช



ืžึทืขึฒื ึดื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืœืคืจื“ืก ื—ื ื”-ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื ืฉื”. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ "ืืœ-ืขืœ" ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’' ืžืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ึผึถื“ื•ึผืก ื”ื˜ืจืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืงืจืงืข, ื”ืชืื—ื“ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ "ืื•ื“ื™ื", ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ืฉืขืœื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื˜ื, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื ื—ืœืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœื• ื›ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื‘-6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1942, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ.


ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžืขื ื™ืช" ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื”. ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื–ื” ื”ืจืฆืคืœื“, ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืœืข ื”ืคืš ืœื’ืŸ ืคื•ืจื—.

ื‘ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ 1937; ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœืงืจืงืข; ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืฆืคืœื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืข ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช; ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช


ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™

ืื ื™ ื’ืžืœืื™ืช, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช 1941, ื‘ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ ื ืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื•. ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ-ืฉืžืจ, ืฉืœืฉื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืž-1960 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืื ื™ ืื ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื). ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1981-83). ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื”ื ืชื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.


ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื”ื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช-ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขืกืงืชื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื—ืžืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื (ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื”"ืž ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”-90).


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื™ืช. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืจื”, ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” (1931 ื•ืื™ืœืš) ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ (1935 ื•ืื™ืœืš). ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื™ ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉื“ืžื™, ื–"ืœ (1916-1986). ืขื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“) ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืืงืจืื™ืช): ื—ืกื™ื” ื’ื•ืฉืŸ-ืฉื•ืžืจ (1915-1974), ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ (1910-1995), ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืžื•ื˜ืœ) ื ื™ืกื ื™ (1912-2002) ื•ื“ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ -1914-2002). ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื›ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืข"ื™ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™.

ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืื– ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช.


ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™: ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืžืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืกื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื, ื•ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.


ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจืคืกืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ืกื˜ืฆ'ืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช, ืœืืžื•ืจ: ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื”ืžืงื•ึผืจื” ืืš ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื. ืขืฆื ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืจืขืคื™ื• ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•.

ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช


ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื: ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืžืคื•ืช, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช "ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื" ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืคืžืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื. ื”ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ.


ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ืขืžื™: ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื” ื‘-1952 (ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ), ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”" ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืฉื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช 65 ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” (ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื ื—ืชืžื” ื‘-ื›"ื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื•). ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ืœืกืœืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืœืฉื•ืช ืžืจืชืง ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื.


ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ื’ื ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.


ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ), ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1936. ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืžืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ืจื™ื›ื ื”ื ืขืจืฅ โ€“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ.


ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœื•ื, ื‘ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžื ื™ื” ืื™ื“ืœืžืŸ-ืคืจื™, ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืงื™ืจ. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคืงื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (ืœืื—ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœื• ืื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืš). ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืฉื›ื™ื™ืช ื—ืžื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืชืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื™-ืฉื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.

ื›ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ (ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ 16 ืž"ืž) ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’, ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ืžืชืื™ื. ืฉื ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื ืื•ืชื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™.

ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืืกืคื” ื›ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื‘-ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืก. ื›ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืชื™ ืœืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืžืฆื ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืจืื•ื™. ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื”. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

ืคืจื˜ ืคื™ืงื ื˜ื™: ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืชืง ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ืžืฅ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืžืฆื ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.

ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™, ื•ื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืžืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื, ืื• ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช (ืœื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื”ืคืจื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'). ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื.


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืืกืคื ื™ืช-ืžืœื™ื“ื” ืืกืคืชื™ ื•ืฆื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช (ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืคื—ื™ ื”ืืฉืคื” ื•ืžื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•, ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช...).

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ืชืžืœื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ, ืืš ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื• ืงื™ืจ ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืกื•ื“ืจื” ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืช ืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื ืงื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช


ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืช ื›ืื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช

ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื’ื™ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืฉืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ืกื™ืคื—ืชื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืช ื’ื ืืช ืืชืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื›ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคื“ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื•ื—ืง ื–ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืื—ืจืช.


ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื-ืฉืœ-ืคืขื. ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ (ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืงืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•) โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื•ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.


ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง ื•ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจ/ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื (ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ) โ€“ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื.


ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช, ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืชึธื (ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื“ื ื–ืจื˜ืœ, ื–"ืœ, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืคืง). ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”. ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื•ืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื• ื•ื”ืขืชืง ืžื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก, ื‘ืคืืจืง ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื.


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ ื’ื ืื•ืฆึตืจ ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ โ€“ ืื ื™ ืžืคื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชืืจื™ืš ืื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ื’ื’ื ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืคืงืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขื ื™-ื˜ื•ืŸ" ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื™ืช. ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื’ื ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ื.


ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืœืืช ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืœื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื’ืžื™ืช ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคืงืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื”.


ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืฆื ื—ื ื™ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”. ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื ื” ืกื ืฉ, ืืš ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง, ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื ื” ืกื ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืกื” ืžื”ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืืจื—ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ืžืœืื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ) ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.


ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืกืคืง ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช. ืžืื– ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” (ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื”) ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื” ืžืื“. ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘"ืชืจื•ืžืช" ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืคืขื, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืืฆืœื ื•. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชื™ ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืื•ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ.


ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ

ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืคืœื“: ืกืœืข ืžื™ืžื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื•ืช ืื• ืืœืคื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ึผึถื“ื•ึผืก ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื‘-1942. ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื–ื” ืขืžื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจืฆืคืœื“, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ื—ื ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืžื” ืฉืจืื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืงืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืฉืžืจื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกืœืข ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืœื˜ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•. ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืข ืœืžืขืœื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืช-ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืกื™ืžื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืคื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก: ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-1947-8 ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™ื™ื ืฉืชืงืคื• ืืช ืžืขื ื™ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื•ื—ืžืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฉืš ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™ื. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืชื— ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก, ืจื•ื›ื–ื• ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื•ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžื™ืžืฆื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช "ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™". ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืจื‘ืชื, ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื—ืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื ื™ื™ืขื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื•ืืกืคืงื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ืืžืคื™ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉื•. ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก ื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื’ื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ืขืฆื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืžืคืืจืง ื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก" ืœ"ืคืืจืง ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช" ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื•ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื . ืกืžืœ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืคื™ืœื‘ื•ืงืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืจื— ื”ืจืงืคืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื”ืกืžืœ ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ื‘ ื’ืคืŸ.

ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช: ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” (ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื•), ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื•ื‘ื–ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื ื•. ืื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืจื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืก ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•, ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืœืžืชื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืืจ, ื“ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.


ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืคืœืŸ: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืคืœืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ "ืืœ ืขืœ" ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื˜ื, ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืœื” ืขื ื›ื•ืœื ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1936 ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ" ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืคืœืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžืจื“ ื’ื™ื˜ื• ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ื ืจืฆื— ืฉื. ืœื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื—ื•ืจืฉื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืงืง"ืœ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1943-44 ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกืœืข ื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื•ื— ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• (ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื• ื•ืฉื•ื™ื™ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ืช ื”-75 ืœื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช).


ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจืฆื—ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื”. ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื’ื ื•ื™ื™ืœ โ€“ ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืืจ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืœืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื•ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœ"ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ", ืœืื—ืจ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงืคื” ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื.


ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื”: ื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1975 ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื•ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืฅ ืžืงื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื™ืง ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.


ืคื™ื ืช ืืœื™ื”ื•: ื‘ืจื–ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆืคืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืจื–ื™ื” ื–ื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜.


ืคื™ื ืช ื™ืจืžื™: ื’ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ื™ืช, ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• (ื™ืจืžื™) ื˜ื ื, ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืกืœืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’, ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื• ืฉืœื˜ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื˜ื•ืคื— ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื™ ืขื ืคื™ื ืช ืคื™ืงื ื™ืงื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืชื•ืกืก ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช.


ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ื™: ืžื˜ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข, ื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื–"ืœ (1939-2002), ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื“ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืขืœ 1000 ืขืฆื™ื ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ืฉืขื™ืจืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื”ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืžืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื“ื•ืจื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืจืง ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคืชื•ื— ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘.


ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื”: ื‘ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืจื ืกืœืข ืฉื ืคืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ. ื™ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”. ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ.


ืคื™ื ืช ืœื™ืื•ืจ: ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ืคื™ื ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจืœืžืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995.

ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื: ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ื•. ืจืžื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022 ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืžืœืืช ืฉื ื” ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืชืงื ื” ืชืฆื•ื’ืช-ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ืœื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜.


ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ: ื”ื•ืงื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืจื ื—ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื•, ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.


ืคืกืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืช (1916-1988), ืืžืŸ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ. ืคืกืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ.


ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื: ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”-60 ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื’ืžื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข. ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”/ื”ืืชืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.


ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช: ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”-75 ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืฉื "ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืช" ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื˜ ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ.


ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช


ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™

ืžืœื‘ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื”, "ืฆืขื™ืจื”" ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื™ืื•ืจ, ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ืช "ืงื™ืกื•ืคื˜". ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื ืกืจืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืงื™ื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืœ"ืขื ืŸ", ืืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื“ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืžื”ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขื ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืจื™ืงืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืฉื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉ"ืฉื‘ืจืชื™" ื•ื”ืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื "ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื". ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืืœื”: "ืื™ืคื” ืื—ืคืฉ/ื™ื—ืคืฉื• ืžืกืžืš" ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ืœื“ืขืชื™. ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ืื™...


ืื™ืŸ ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืขื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื/ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื/ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.


ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœืช ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจ, ืœืชืขื“ ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชืื™ื/ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ/ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ (ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 200 ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื•ืœื™, ืชื™ื’ืžืจ...).

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